"Free and critical minds can emerge only by a return to the source-the primary sources. A free and critical mind takes nothing for granted and is not intimidated by "authorities" who frequently may be more confused than the general public. Free and critical minds seek truth without chauvinism or shame."-Asa G. Hilliard III

If you do not understand racism (white supremacy) and how it works, everything else you understand will only confuse you. - Neely Fuller

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We need something to clarify everything for us, because we get confused...but if we use the concept of Asili, we will understand that whatever it is they are doing, whatever terms they use, however they come at you, you need to be thinking about what? How is this going to facilitate their power and help them to dominate me? -Marimba Ani
Showing posts with label innocence. Show all posts
Showing posts with label innocence. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 8, 2016

Did Great Evil Spirit Have Help Overtaking Supreme Spirit?
Unity Consciousness #857

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Did the Great Evil Spirit have help in overtaking the Supreme Spirit?

Some people say the Great Evil Spirit is the Supreme Spirit's creation but went renegade without any help from the Supreme Spirit.
Some say the Great Evil Spirit is not the Supreme Spirit's creation and is not an aspect of the Supreme Spirit.

Either way, these people are saying two contradictory things:
1. There is another power able to create a formidable challenge to the Supreme Spirit. The Supreme Spirit had nothing to do with this power even though the Supreme Spirit is the Supreme Creator of everything and nothing else exists that was not created by the Supreme Spirit.

2. The Supreme Spirit created everything, including the trueprint blueprint for the Universe and all abilities all things possess. The Great Evil Spirit caused disharmony based on the conditions and abilities established by the Supreme Spirit yet the Supreme Spirit bears no responsibility for constructing Creation in such a way that a Great Evil Spirit could wreak havoc. The all-knowing Supreme Spirit constructed this Universe this way while knowing the potential for these things to take place and without providing more immediate interventions and relief in this dimension, especially on behalf of children or in each person's lifetime in this dimension.

Then Where Does Evil Come From?

The question of the source of good and evil has been discussed in many places in many ways.
Some of which are:
a. Where Do Fairness & Evil Come From? | Definitions & Meanings, UC#763
b. Early Formation Of Creation: Preexistence To Seventh Dimension, UC#748
c. The Expansive Twin Power Relationship, UC#605
d. Ten Cardinal Principles Of Ancient African Deep Thought, UC#45
e. Definition, Extension & Expansion Of Evolution's Process, UC#566
f. Redefinition Of Incentive, Motivation & Inspiration, UC#568
g. The entirety and fullness of the previous message

You Can't Have It Both Ways

If we were to compare and contrast the ideas in the first two sections above, we will clearly have two ways of looking at things that don't jive and a person in possession of both is trying to have it both ways regarding the Supremeness and accountability of the Supreme Spirit and regarding attributing all other things to the Supreme Spirit.
We do this to the point of attributing the good in life to the Supreme Spirit, but the bad in life if on us or others.

Do we really think the Supreme Being is sitting around invoking plausible deniability and saying, "I know some of y'all looking at me but when it comes to that Great Evil Spirit and why he's that way, my hands are clean, I didn't have anything to do with it. I don't know who that child's parents are."

Either the Supreme Spirit is all that we say and the Creator of All or the Supreme Spirit is not.

Either Way, The Struggle Is Still A Major Theme Of Life & Existence

No matter what, there are spiritual powers at work and at war.
Those spiritual powers existed first.
Those spiritual powers create the physical world and destroy the physical world.
Everything that happens in the physical world happens in the spiritual world first and is the result of what these two spiritual powers are doing.

Tuesday, June 7, 2016

Universal Karma & Innocence
Unity Consciousness #726

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(Part 3 of 4)

See Universal Karma | Unity Consciousness #161

Universal Karma extends beyond what the individual does. Universal Karma is for what anyone does.
Each person is subject to the actions and inactions of every other person and every other creation.
Universal Karma sometimes reaches us quickly and sometimes slowly. It sometimes takes generations, thus it reaches our descendants. Along these same lines Universal Karma might reach us quickly but grow into its fullness slowly. Other combinations occur.

Universal Karma is a natural law. It is not a respecter of persons. It is the same thing as cause and effect. (UC#37)

Universal Karma is the basis of the Ecosystem. All things within the Ecosystem circulate and recirculate in a continuous process interacting within, without, below and above. (UC#53)

Considering The Universal Karma Perspective

Universal Karma tells us we are all in this together. What anyone does or does not do, has an effect on the Ecosystem and Universe we all live in.
Universal Karma shuts off all escape routes for those running from personal responsibility for helping and/or harming the collective, called Creation or The Many or The One.
As a result, no aspect of the Creator or their descendants can avoid the energies circulating in the Universe. We are all in the Universe and every cause is within range of the Universe, thus every effect is within range of everyone in the Universe. No one is too far away or too far removed to not be affected by causes, effects and secondary effects.*

This, of course, has its upside.
We all benefit from the Sun and Moon and Water and plants and insects and other workings of Earth and Universe. We all benefit from the good things people do and the bad things they don't do.
Why shouldn't we all experience the negative effects also of things going on in the Universe?
We all benefit and suffer whether or not we are young or old and innocent or guilty.

If natural laws operated on their own based on age and character, we'd all be in trouble. The instant we messed up, the Sun would stop shining on us and our body's ability to exchange air would cease. There would be no time for the process of self-correction. Most people would never have the chance to grow old because Universal Karma would take them out. All children, due to innocence, would be protected from harm, thus guaranteed all they needed to develop properly, thus then, grow into healthy adults, thus then create civilizations, not societies. Most of the craziness still taking place today would have been fixed long ago.

Cardinal Principle Comparison

What is written above seems to be in contradiction to Cardinal Principle #4 which states, “ The universe is just. Everyone reaps what they sow. Our challenge is to sow only good and therefore, only good must return to us.”

Based on initial understanding, this Principle seems to indicate Universal Karma is an individualized thing. I will respond based on that understanding.

Universal Karma must have a fixed and variable component, just like Maat. Fixed in the sense that each person does reap what is sown by that person. Variable in the sense that each person also reaps what other people sow. This is the same as having individual and collective responsibility.
If Universal Karma was based on the individual only, then no one could inherit the benefits and harms of others. Each person would have to start over and create their Karma from scratch.
If every person was being harmed and helped in direct positive correlation to what they individually did or didn't do, then everything happening is just as it should be no matter how quickly it happens or how long it takes.
This is what Cardinal Principle #7 states, “Belief that there is an omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient Creative Life Force, whose nature is love, the source of all good, means everything must be in Divine Order.”

Once again, this seems to go against the interrelated nature of the Universe, the interconnected nature of the Universe, the collective nature of the Universe the Ecosystem nature of the Universe and against the body of the Creator context of conceiving the Universe.
If everyone reaps what they sow, then all a person should be concerned about is what they plant because those who are hungry are only hungry because they have not sown.
At what point is a child responsible for sowing and feeding itself?
If everyone reaps what they sow, then even if a person is in balance and others are in chaos, the person in balance would not be affected because they did not plant chaos.
If each person reaps what they sow, this fosters a “to each his own” mentality which is not good for anyone.

If Universal Karma is purely an individual thing, then all energies must be perfectly matched up and in sync.
From this then we must conclude that when a person does evil, it only affects another person who has also done evil and deserving of payback and vice versa.
If Universal Karma is purely an individual thing, then the entire body would not suffer or benefit when the brain, made choices. The rest of the body would not die when the heart failed. When one cell mutated, it would die and that would be the end of it. That cell would not be able to cause other cells to mutate.
People who were miseducated would not be able to pass on miseducation to their children.
The notion that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere would be false.

Clearly then, the initial understanding of Principles #4 and #7 could not mean Universal Karma is an individual thing unless we begin to approach the ideas that free will does not exist and predestination does exist and that we are actually not in control of anything. Control is an illusion. This is supported by the idea that all is spirit and everything starts as spirit in the heavens above.
If the transgression of Ogo/Yurugu/Set/Satan is now being manifest in various forms in the Universe, then all things are the result of the higher-self and lower-self duking it out in a spiritual war. These two aspects of the spirit of the Creator are using us and influencing us to fight the war in physical form and we are merely chess pieces with different abilities and power who are only able to be moved when the spirit decides to use us strategically. Thus, as in chess, many pieces must be sacrificed and moved around to put the other side in a position where it has no moves left.
This, of course, goes against several other Cardinal Principles, so it also seems unlikely in the complete sense, but likely partially, not just because of the Cardinal Principles but based on what we have observed and experienced in the Ecosystem.
This does coincide with UC#715 which states our lives and destinies are not our own but for the purpose of the Creator.

Switching Gears Slightly To The Reflection In The Mirror Image

If we apply all the statements and questions above to the non-human Universe, we can balance out our thinking.
We will find that the only reasonable conclusion based on what we can observe and experience from the Ecosystem is that Universal Karma affects individuals based on individual behavior and also based on the behavior of others.

One brief example.
What has Water done wrong in the Universe to deserve being polluted by humans? Water gives of itself to keep us alive so why is it deserving of being held back behind dams so it cannot circulate as intended and nourish Earth?

*If secondary effects are separated from the primary effects and the cause, secondary effects and later effects can be mistaken as causes that produce effects and mistaken as something separate that comes from a separate source of energy. Instead what we have is one cause that produces multiple levels of effects – the initial effects, secondary effects, third level effects and so on. Out of One Cause comes Many Effects.

Monday, June 6, 2016

Which Children Are Born Innocent With Innocence? | Definition
Unity Consciousness #725

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(Part 2 of 4)

If there is such a thing as innocent and innocence, then these words must simply mean “being without guilt, blame or responsibility for doing something or not doing something.”

Considering The Societal Perspective

Societies say children are innocent and born full of innocence.
Even if this is true, clearly, innocence is not a shield. Innocence does not protect children from the actions and inactions of others.

So what is the benefit of being innocent? Is it just a designation and nothing more? It is.

In a society, a place that disregards the Rights of Creation, how can a child have any period of innocence where the child is indeed protected from every evil?
This is not possible in a society.

What a child eats, whether from the breast or not, has been tainted with toxins by the imbalanced food system that produced it.
In most cases children and their parents are forced to get shots, vaccines and immunizations. All this this starts in the womb because the mother most certainly takes in toxins from a variety of sources, including those often promoted prenatal vitamins.

Some who read this are getting more upset by the minute that the uselessness of innocence is suggested when it comes to children who live in societies. These upset people are more upset about the society they love being brought into question rather than being upset about the harm inflicted on all children from Day 1 of conception, including themselves. Mad at me for bringing the logic of their education and other ideas pursued religiously into question on the basis of observation and experience as it relates to self and all else. The upsetness occurs because the truth exposes their logic in its light, leaving them naked, ashamed, afraid and then angry at the wrong folks for seeing what the light exposed. All this happens because their childhood period of innocence was taken away which did not allow them to develop in a cocoon of balance (healthiness).

Imbalance Does Much Damage To Innocence

There is no avoiding the truth of the matter that the actions and inactions of people in societies automatically removes any benefit of innocence.
For instance, the people, acting as a group, remove the innocence of truth by teaching lies in the education-religion system and everywhere else the child turns to for help and guidance.

Once a group of people form themselves into a society and establish imbalance as the overall philosophy, then all guarantees of Rights Of Creation are off the table and cannot exist within the society.
In a society where the guilty go free constantly, why shouldn't the innocent be harmed constantly?
The net effect of all the motions that sets the guilty free is the same net effect that continues on and harms the innocent child – including the innocent child of the guilty.
This is why it is in everyone's best interests, who love themselves and who love children, to prevent imbalance in the first place and restore balance immediately in the second place.

Under a status quo of imbalance there are more guarantees of the harmful occurring than there are guarantees of the helpful occurring.
This is precisely what people living in societies experience. Life and existence is filled with an imbalanced amount of hardship, pain and suffering and for an abnormal amount of time because the status quo of imbalance has no interest in preventing or removing what it promotes and what the very existence of the society is predicated upon. All of this is self-created and continued generation after generation, each generation having opportunities to change fundamentally for the better, if they so choose. Shape-shifting, window-dressing and permanent bandages do not count. (UC#577)

Switching Gears Slightly To The Reflection In The Mirror Image

Are the children of humans the only ones who we consider innocent and deserving of protection from the lower-self spiritual workings of humans?
When pain, suffering and “death' are experienced by young plants, insects and other animals, what do we attribute this to?
Instincts? Survival? Survival of the fittest? Stuff happens? That's just how life is supposed to be for them?
Think about some of the stuff humans do to children who are human but not considered human. We wage war on their countries, drop bombs on them, use bully behavior to sanction them and scare others into not helping them, starve them, introduce viruses, poison the air and water and the list goes on and on.
We take land from other baby creatures, kill them remove baby plants, spray poison on them, throw babies in the trash (seeds), pour hot water down ant holes and the list goes on and on.
Humans do a whole lot of harm to a whole lot of children of all species. We impute the righteousness of innocence to ourselves and, with the impunity of this innocence, we take innocence away from all else.

In no way do societies respect or protect the innocence of any child ever.

This is epitomized by two groups of people: (1) those who exist in every area of society who do nothing to self-improve the logic of the society and do everything to prove the logic of imbalance is a good thing to sustain and (2) those who exist in every area of society who take imbalance to maximum levels. In other words, these two groups are the so-called good people and the bad people, both of which, have children who somehow start out with the promise of innocence while being born into conditions designed to ensure the promise remains a promise and nothing more.

Thursday, February 25, 2016

Understanding Why Pain & Suffering Is Necessary
Unity Consciousness #607

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Pain and suffering is part of the:
1. balance-related and need incentive-related universal karma, and are also part of the
2. imbalance-related and need incentive-related universal karma.

In other words, pain and suffering take place whether or not the twin power relationship is in balance. Pain and suffering take place because understanding and the manifestation of that understanding still need to take place.

Pain and suffering is part of the mix of causes and effects called universal karma that helps create different forms of challenge problems which require the maturation and unification of the Creator's understanding in order to re-solve.
Pain and suffering is built into the universal ecosystem equation. The Creator intended for there to be pain and suffering in the universe for the same reason the Creator intended for there to be joy and pleasure.

Pain and suffering can be understood through the mirror image of the human body.
In a healthy body (a body in balance), pain and suffering still occur.
Cells and their components experience pain and suffering that the human CPU brain is not always aware of. Cells and their components are constantly dealing with challenge problems and re-solving them within the cell. There is no need for the CPU brain to know because the cellular brain has taken care of it. If the CPU brain was always aware of every instance of pain and suffering on every level, the CPU brain and nervous system would be constantly clogged and bogged down with feedback from trillions of cells daily as they come into and out of existence and identify problems and re-solve them. There would be no computing power available to do free-will-directed voluntary tasks or monitor and manage the overall body.

How Does Pain Facilitate Understanding?

Pain is the signal that alerts the CPU brain and other parts of the body that damage or threat is present and/or imminent.
In response, two overall things happen:
1. automatic body responses go into action such as the immune system, surrounding cells and other organs in response to the signals they are receiving.
2. voluntary body responses can now take place according to what the CPU brain decides.

If there was no pain signal, neither the CPU brain nor other parts of the body would have the opportunity to make adjustments to assist in re-solving what is causing the pain. The CPU brain and other parts of the body would not have the opportunity to gain further understanding of what interrelated and interconnected means. They would not understand how to work together for the higher good.
Instead, the body would mistakenly and fatally have the same belief prevalent among humans of “That doesn't have anything to do with me.” “Someone else's pain and suffering has nothing to do with me.” Question: “What does the pain of a tree have to do with me?” One Answer: You share the same body you both need. In fact, each of you are parts of the body.

When other portions of the body become aware of pain and suffering going on elsewhere or humans become aware of the pain and suffering of others, there is opportunity to understand that pain and suffering anywhere in the body is a threat to joy and pleasure everywhere in the body.
This must be properly understood.
Just because the CPU brain is not aware of a lot of pain and suffering going on in the body doesn't mean it is not in the best interests of the CPU brain to do what it can to ensure the conditions exist that will assist the automatic response systems of the body so they can do what they need to do as the CPU brain does what it chooses to do. This understanding helps us get to the root, bottom, foundation and heart of the matter of what it really means to “make a living for yourself.”

Yes, pain and suffering is necessary, however the lengthy time frame that it exists is not always necessary if we would simply get the understanding necessary to re-solve the challenge problem.
Yes, pain and suffering is necessary, however, some forms of pain and suffering are not necessary if we would simply get the understanding necessary to deal with “small” pains and sufferings before they developed into “larger” pains and sufferings.

This is what we have been experiencing as humans. Pain and suffering have gone on for too long and in too many ways due to our lack of understanding and/or not putting that understanding to work with our genetic potential so it manifests physically. This has spread to other creatures, organisms, molecules, atoms, elements and to Earth. Though Earth has tried, Earth cannot re-solve this on its own. Earth has sent the signal into the universe. This is why climate is changing. This is why meteors are closing in. Other parts of the universe are adjusting to assist Earth. Also, the Creator is being persistent, then patient in deciding what additional measures must be taken to assist the universal ecosystem.

In humans, pain and suffering is not so much about the cells, as it is about the entire human organism. In the universe, pain and suffering is not so much about humans and other lifeforms as it is about the entire Creator.
Life and existence is ultimately about the Creator. Creation and you and me are conduits for the understanding that the Creator needs in order to fulfill the evolution of the Creator.

Pain and suffering is a necessary component of the totality of being. Even so, pain and suffering is both fixed in some ways and variable in other ways.

There is pain and suffering we can do something about and pain and suffering we can't do anything about.
There is pain and suffering we should be aware of but are not. For instance, many of us are not aware of the pain and suffering experienced by other animals, plants and Earth. Finally, now however, we are becoming aware of the deeper dimension of pain and suffering taking place in our own bodies. Know your body, know all else.
Pain and suffering is part of the feedback loop and process that returns understanding to the body of organisms and to the Supreme Organism - the Creator.
There are two times when the greatest pain and suffering occurs; in the transition from health to sickness and
in the transition from sickness to health.

In other words, the greatest pain and suffering occurs as the balance of twin power is changing.

Wednesday, April 8, 2015

Universal Karma | Unity Consciousness #161

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Universal karma extends beyond what the individual does. Universal karma is for what anyone does.

Universal karma brings forth upside and downside to one and all, quickly, slowly and eventually, even if it takes generations to be noticed.

For some reason, the upside seems better understood than the downside so this discrepancy must be clarified.

When societies permit lies and exist on lies for their benefit, that corruption of character will produce a karma that will bite the society in the asphalt paved low road it daily decides to travel. These bites will occur many times in many ways that are not predictable but are to be expected.

Any society whose character normalizes harm to the Rights of Creation will flourish and perish as if it was a flash in the pan. Before the final fall, the society will show multiple signs of self-destruction such as...
1. Increased murders and murder/suicides.
2. Poisoning of food and water supply.
3. Poisoning of the mind, spirit, etc.
4. Poisoning of all that sustains life for self and all creation.
5. Non-payment of obligations to citizens.
6. Large-scale system breakdowns that kill thousands.
7. Essentially all wrongs, deceptions and weapons will be turned inward on societal foundations, i.e., all the major institutions will fall apart as they already are (religion, financial, education, military, medical, energy, food, etc.). Infrastructure will continue to rupture.

The reckoning period is the payback period for what the society has paid forward. It is part of the final stage of the upheaval. This is the stage we are in. Many more harms are to come to ones and groups due to karma of many yesterdays. It is a metaphor for cancer – a morphing mutation of morals. A massive amount of people are going to continue to suffer and die in societies governed by the lower self. Though these societies need no identification, they are the hoarders, wasters and destroyers.

All this is to say, none of us are innocent. Everything we do or not, registers in the universe. Each day and in every way, we add to the upside or downside of universal karma.

Let's look at this another way. Innocence is not immunity from the rest of the community.

This alone, as has been said in many ways, is why it is in everyone's best interests that everyone is held to the highest standards of character, i.e., Maat.

Maat encompasses the law of universal karma in the word reciprocity. So does other words and phrases such as
Murphy's Law,
What goes around comes around,
You reap what you sow,
A hard head makes a soft butt,
Chickens will come home to roost,
You make your bed hard, you have to lay in it,
I am because we are, therefore because we are I am.
Many societies are built on historical distortions and when wrongs finally clearly affect citizens that rely on these distortions, these same citizens lament these versions of the same wrongs as though they've done nothing wrong. Universal karma is not an eye for an eye sort of thing. Universal karma is an abundance sort of thing. What comes back will always be greater than what was put in. Our actions and inactions not only affect us individually, but also collectively. This is clear by example everyday all day. Karma abides by natural law and natural law affects one and all.

Monday, September 30, 2013

Fallacies & Truths Regarding Misfortune & Ancestors

Fallacy #1

People deserve everything they get and get everything they deserve.

This is the worst fallacy because it is due to completely lazy thinking. We know the above statement is untrue simply by looking at what happens to children.

Fallacy #2

Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.

This is false for the same reason as #1.

For those who still refuse to admit #1 and #2 are fallacies, here are a few of many examples these notions should also apply to:

America's 9/11
White Jewish Holocaust
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Great Depression
Buffalo Creek Disaster
Pensions being lost
Domestic violence
Spaceshuttle explosions
Titanic
“Hate” crimes
Some obvious major examples are not listed because it is already sickly said to be the victim's fault.

No Escaping Without A Valid Excuse

When we believe the above fallacies, we are saying human actions towards their fellow humans have no impact on the outcomes of others. We are avoiding responsibility for direct and indirect actions. We are avoiding responsibility for immediate impact and delayed and cumulative impacts. We are denying someone is responsible for the good or bad behavior of a child who has not reached the age of majority.

When we believe in these fallacies there are no innocent victims. Hell, there are no victims and no criminals based on this flawed thinking. Everything happens as it should.

Test after test proves these statements to be false. If they were true, criminals would not succeed to the extent they have in the past several centuries of human history. No one religiously devout would suffer tragedy. Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson and Cynthia Wesley would have had an equal opportunity to live. Children the world over would be protected from parental disease, physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and racially.

Inconsistency Rejoicing In The Misfortune Of Others

"Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he stumbleth: Lest the Lord see it, and it displease him, and he turn away his wrath from him." (Proverbs 24:17–18 KJV).

”And it shall come to pass, that as the Lord rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the Lord will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it.” (Deuteronomy 28:63)

Ignore Ancestors, Invite Misfortune (Selected Passages)

For those who embrace their human cultural origins, ancestors “are at the core of all harmony or disharmony in society.” “The causes of all good deeds, fertility as reflected in the abundance of harvest or the productivity of women, and joy of family are the result of the ancestors. One could also say that all misfortunes, misdeeds, famines, and difficulties of living are caused by the ancestors in African religion. Nothing in society is immune from the influence of ancestors.” (1)

”At the base of all misfortune, however small, in someone’s life is a disorder in the human universe. Someone is responsible. Nothing occurs as misfortune without the intervention of humans.” (2)

”Any evil deed or misfortune such as theft does not just happen to one person, it happens to a community. Therefore, calamities are not distinguished by their scope.” (3)

”The transition into the spiritual realm starts during life, when individuals are moral and generous. Thus, they can look forward to continuing to be a member of their family as an ancestor. Ancestors can offer protection and guidance and, in return, are given life through the acts of remembrance by their families. It is believed that once an individual is no longer mentioned by name or remembered, they become a part of the collective immortality. Those who do not transition into the world of spirits as an ancestor are those who are not properly mourned or remembered, did not have children, or engaged in evil practices. These dead will not be in any position to assist the family and, in fact, can cause misfortune to the community in general.” (4)

”The ancestors are believed to be able to neutralize all evil and prevent all misfortunes. They certainly preside over fertility, as manifested in the birth of children and cattle, as well as plentiful crops. The ancestors assist the living because they want to be remembered. Neglect of the ancestors may cause the living to experience great misfortune and sickness.” (5)

Related:

Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities - Module Fourteen: Religion in Africa - Student's Edition - Activity Two: Indigenous African Religions: Explore

Our Fatal Flaw – The Absence Of Harmony. The Root Cause Of Many Problems.

Notes:

(1) Asante, Molefi Kete and Mazama, Ama Editors, “Encyclopedia Of African Religion,” (2009) p. 52 (Also p. 25, 236, 309, 423, 506, 548, 574, 623, 654, 676, 738, 745).
(2) Asante and Mazama, p. 84.
(3) Asante and Mazama, p. 149.
(4) Asante and Mazama, p. 195.
(5) Asante and Mazama, p. 385.