(9ayw of 11)
Albino is Arbino is Karbino is Carbino is Carbono is Carbon.Albinism (Carbonism) is likely due to a malfunction in the conversion of hydrogen to carbon and/or lack of stabilization of carbon.
Albino is also Karbino, Kerbino, Kertino, Keratin.
Melanin is mela-nun. Mela is Kela is Kera.
”melanization is a very important component of the innate immune response. In invertebrates, melanocytes modulate melanin production during infection; in humans, inflammation often leads to hypo- or hyperpigmentation. Melanin (specifically eumelanin, or black melanin) has antimicrobial properties.” https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article/52/5/445/2802514“As key responses in invertebrate innate immunity, the proteolytic cascades of melanin synthesis and coagulation significantly contribute to maintaining organism health. Melanin synthesis provides cytotoxic defence, a protective barrier and structural support, and the coagulation pathway induces clot formation to seal wounds and prevent infection.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415895/
[Do not be deceived. Even though this quote refers to “invertebrates,” an invertebrate is not fundamentally different from a vertebrate, just as a vertebrate is not fundamentally different from a plant.]
”There is evidence that melanin, melanosomes and melanocytes function as part of the innate immune system in humans as well. Therefore, the role of melanin in immunity appears ancient and is present in different forms and to different extents throughout the animal kingdom. In arthropods melanin synthesis is a central mechanism of innate immunity and a major response to a variety of immune challenges.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17471-2
Thus, melanocytes and melanin play roles in the biological defense of human epidermis. Melanocytes are also involved in innate immunity, which conducts the initial responses in the elimination of microorganisms and viruses.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347915194_Melanogenesis_Connection_with_Innate_Immunity_and_Toll-Like_ReceptorsInnate immunity is the first line of host defense that operates in all animals to counter infections. It relies on families of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense molecular patterns shared by microorganisms but are absent from the host (e.g. bacterial lipopolysaccharides and fungal β-glucans) and trifer the expression of antimicrobial molecules and cytokines to counter the infection and alert the host of an infectious danger. In mammals, innate immunity participates in activation of the B and T lymphocytes mediating adaptive immunity. Among infectious agents, viruses are a serious threat to all living organisms, be they animals, plants, fungi, protists, or even prokaryotes. They offer few targets for recognition, and trifering of antiviral immunity largely relies on sensing of viral RNA or DNA. As a result, all cells are equipped with powerful mechanisms to sense viral nucleic acids and restrict viruses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204762/
We have discussed melanin's functions and powers in detail on this weblog.Students extend by reaching and by becoming teachers who extend by teaching and becoming students.
